Thyroid gland is one of the endocrine organs present in front of the neck. It is a butterfly shaped organ and has two side lobes, connected by a bridge (isthmus) in the middle.The thyroid secretes hormones namely Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) and it is controlled by the pituitary gland which secretes the thyroid stimulating hormone and which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones act throughout the body, influencing metabolism, growth & development, and body temperature. 

Pancreas is a organ which has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It is mainly a source of producing insulin in the body. It also produces enzymes which are required for fat metabolism.

Pancreas is divided into three parts as below:

1. Head
2. Body
3. Tail

Appendix is a vestigial organ found at the junction of small and large intestine. It can get inflamed and presents with appendicitis.

Common symptoms are as below:

1. Pain in right lower abdomen
2. Loose motions
3. Vomiting
4. Fever

Haemorrhoids are cushions of tissue in the anal canal – they are full of blood vessels, support tissue, and elastic fibers.  When the haemorrhoids cushions become too big or swollen they are called as Piles.  

Abdomen also called Pandora’s box because of different organs present and the complex manner in which they function. Hence when pain is felt in abdomen it requires a lot of skill to diagnose the cause of pain and treat the patient

A hernia occurs when the contents of the intestine or the abdomen protrude out through a wall that contains it.